Montanoa bipinnatifida
Uhdea bipinnatijida Kunth, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 1847: 17. 1847. In this description the reference Verh. Vereins Beford. Gartenbaues Konigl. Preuss. Staaten, 1847, was cited, however a search of this journal revealed that the description was published in 1849. According to K. Koch (1864) this species was discovered by the Prussian consul Uhde at "Matmameros" in Mexico and was brought to the Botanic Garden in Berlin 1845 from where it was widely spread, Uhde S.n. The holotype has not been located, neotype selected by Morley (1980) is as follows: Herb. Schultz Bip. S.n. ex Hort. 25.ii.1864 (P!).
Polymnia grandis Kunth, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 1847: [3. 1847, nom. nud pro syn. Kunth listed this name in synonymy but no description can be found. According to K. Koch (1864) this was a name under which the plant was sent to the Botanic Garden at Berlin and after it bloomed Kunth assigned it to Montalloa.
Montanoa heracleifolia Brongniart ex Groenland, Ann. Rev. Hart. 544. 1857, nom. nud. Based upon the following collection: MEXICO: seeds collected in 1843 and harvested in Hart. Bot. Paris, Dec 1845, A. B. Ohiesbrecht S.II. (P[2l!). Montagnaea heracleifolia Brongniart ex Andre, Ann. Rev. Hort. 369. 1863.j: 38. Type:' MEXICO, the description is probably based on the same material as that for Montanoa heracleifolia Brongniart ex Groenland but this is not so stated in the protologue (illustration is taken as the holotype; tracing of illustration, GH!). Morley (1980) selected a neotype but this is unnecessary because elements of the original material are available (illustration) and the neotype is therefore rejected.
Montanoa elegalls K. Koch, Wochenschr. Vereines Beford. Konigl. Preuss. Staaten 7: 408. 1864. Type: unknown. In the protologue Koch states that there is no information on how the plant came to Europe and that it has never flowered. The description of the leaf type is sufficient for it to be assigned to this taxon. Eriocoma elegalls (Koch) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 336. 1891.
Montanoa pyramidata Schultz Bip. in K. Koch, Wochenschr. Vereines Beford. Gartenbaues Konigl. Preuss. Staaten 7: 408. [864. Type: MEXICO, Jalisco, Guadalajara, [853, D. Oliva s.n. (lectotype [Morley, 1980], P). Two collections are mentioned in the protologue. One is the lectotype and the other is A. Aschenborn s.n., which was probably at B (destroyed inWWII; in litt., H. W. Lack). Eriocoma pyramidata (Schultz Bip. in K. Koch) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 336. 1891."
REPRESENTATIVE SPECIMENS: MEXICO. COLIMA: 20-30 mi NE of Colima, 26 Dec 1958, Thompson & Fields 355 (MSC, TEX); rd btw Tonila and Colima, 12-13 Nov 1971, Dieterle 4175 (ENCB, TEX). DURANGO: Tamazula, La Bajada, Nov 1921, Ortega 4451 (US). GUERRERO: 4.4 mi SE of Taxeo, 14 Nov 1978, FRi 2825 (OS); 8 km SW of Taxeo, 22 Dec 1967, Rzedowski 25264 (DS, ENCB, MICH, MSC); 12 km N of Iguala, 2 Dec 1966, Rzedowski 23515 (DS, ENCB, LL, MSC); btw Iguala and Teloloapan, 16 Dec 1963, Porter 1364 (DS, GH, MEXU); Aehotla, s.d., Reko 4940 (GH, US); rd from Carrizal to Chiehihualco, 5.6 mi SE of jet of rd to Fila de Caballo, 15 Nov 1978, F 2836 (OS); rd to Fila de Caballo, 20 mi W of jet with hwy 95, 13 Nov 1977, FG 2320 (OS); Aeahuizotla, 14 Dec 1963, Porter 1324 (GH, MEXU); [4.0-14.5 mi N of Tiera Colorada, 10 Dec 1966, AL 4507 (MICH, OS). JALISCO: 16 mi NW of Ameea, [ Nov 1970, Breedlove 18665 (MICH); 3-5 mi N of La Cuesta on rd to Talpa de Allende, 20-21 Nov 1960, M 21255 (DUKE, ENCB, MICH); 6-10 mi SW of Talpa de Allende, 22 Nov 1952, M 14344 (MICH, SMU); San Sebastian, Arroyo, 15 Jan 1927, Mexia 1487 (BM, DS, F, G, GR, MICH, MO, NA, NY, UC, US); Guadalajara, Jul-Oet 1886, Pallller 492 (BM, G, K, MEXU, MO, NDG, US); 5 mi S of Guadalajara (cultivated, double-rayed), 5 Nov 1977, F 2272* (OS); 8.5 mi N of Joeotepee, 6 Nov 1977, F 2282* (OS); Wend of Lake Chapala, 8 Nov 1959, McValigh & Koelz 367 (DUKE, ENCB, LL, MICH, NY); ca. 15 km SSE of Aeatlan de Juarez, 7- 8 Nov 1959, McValigh & Koelz 309 (ENCB, MICH); 1.8 mi S of jet of hwy 80 and rd from Union de Tula to Ejutla, 6 Nov 1977, F 2290 (OS); 14.7 mi NE of Autlan, 16 Dec 1966, AL 4546 (MICH, OS); 12-15 mi SSE of Autlan, 22-23 Nov 1959, McVaugh & Koelz 966 (ENCB, MICH); 3-6 km S of La Huerta, 16-17 Mar, M 23052 (ENCB, MICH); 16 km N of Ciudad Guzman, 13 Nov 1971, Dieterle 4/8/ (CA, ENCB, MICH, OS); E of Ciudad Guzman, 18 Nov 1968, Boutin & Brandt 2280 (MICH); Tamazula de Gordiano, 24 Dec 1967, Clarke e/ al. 2185-/ (MICH); 8 km W of Jilotlan de los Dolores, 22 Nov 1970, M 24590 (DUKE, ENCB, MICH); 12.5-14.5 mi SW of Mazamitla, 15 Dec 1966, AL 4539 (MICH, OS); Jiquilpan-Colima hwy, 3 mi above La Garita, 2 Dec 1959, McVaugh & Koelz 336 (DUKE, ENCB, LL, MICH). MEXICO: ca. 5 mi N of Ixtapan de la Sal, 10 Dec 1974, Stuessy & Roberts 3699 (OS, UC); near Amatepec, 29 Dec 1953, Maliala 30047 (NY); btw Mal Pais and Santa Barbara, 6 Dec 1953, Matilda 30125 (MEXU, NY, US); Temasca1tepec, 14 Nov 1932, Hinton 2401 (BM, G, K, GH, US); Valle de Bravo, 23 Dec 1952, Matuda 27335 (DS, MEXU, Ny); Ocotepec, Tejupi1co, 10 Dec 1967, Rzedoll'ski 25290 (DS, ENCB, MICH, MSC). ICHOACAN: btw Zamora & Sahuayo, km 159 hwy 15,3 Nov 1977, F 2265 (OS); 3 mi W of Zitacuaro, 20 Nov 1978, F 2866 (OS); ca. 28 mi E of Patzcuaro, 16 Dec 1978, FCa 2968 (OS); ca. 8 mi S of Uruapan, 16 Dec 1978, FCa 2971 (OS); Rancho Viejo, Apatzingan, 14 Oct 1939, Hinton 15332 (NA); 16 mi N of Coalcoman on rd to Tepalcatepec, 17 Dec 1978, FCa 2976 (OS); Sierra Naranjillo, Coalcoman, 26 Nov 1938, Hinton 12684 (MICH, TEX, US); 15-16 km SE of Asserradero Dos Aguas, 25-26 Nov 1970, M 24727 (DUKE, ENCB, MICH); 11.3 mi E of jct of rd from Tepaicatepec to Coalcoman and side rd to Dos Aguas, 17 Dec 1978, FCa 2982 (OS); ca. 12 mi SW of Coalcoman on rd to Villa Victoria, 17 Dec 1978, FCa 2985 (OS); ca. 15 mi SW of Coaicoman on rd to Villa Victoria, 17 Dec 1978, FCa 2986 (OS). MORELOS: near Cuernavaca, 15 Nov 1865, Bourgeaun 1199 (BR, C, G, GH, K, MPU, US); 16.7mi NW of Cuautla on rd to Cuernavaca, 24 Nov 1966, AL 4306 (MICH, OS); ca. 5 mi SW of Morelos/Mexico border on hwy 95, 17 Nov 1978, FRi 2847 (OS). NAYARIT: 11.7 mi NW of Tepic, 18 Dec 1966, AL 4551 (MICH, OS); 5-10 mi from Tepec on rd to Compostales, 27 Nov 1967, Grashoff 181 (MSC); btw Ixtlan del Rio Tetitlan, 22 Nov 1955, Carter & Kellogg 3639 (MEXU, MICH, US); 10 mi SE of Ahuacatian, 17-18 Nov 1959, McVaugh & Koelz (DUKE, ENCB, LL, MICH). OAXACA: btw Coixtlahuaca and Tamazulapam, 12 Nov 1894, Nelson 1948 (US). PUEBLA: 5.6 mi SE of Izucar de Matamoros, 22 Nov 1978, F 2870 (OS). SINALOA: San Ignacio, 28 Jun 1926, Ortega 4998 (GH, K, US); Balboa, Jan 1923, Ortega 4998 (US); Panuco, 28-30 Dec 1970, Smith 195 (ARIZ); 3.5 mi E of Copala on rd to Durango, 7 Dec 1966, Gentry 22279 (NA, US); 32-33 mi NW of jct of hwys 15 and 40, 18 Dec 1966, AL 4554 (MICH, OS).
Shrubs 2-10 m tall. Stems quadrangular becoming terete, brown to gray, herbaceous parts puberulent. Leaves consistent; petioles 4-20 cm long with two auricles, sometimes with thin blade margin extending down adaxial surface, usually with two small leaf-like structures at proximal end, sparsely pubescent, hairs less than 1.0 mm long; blades ovate to ovate-Ianceolate, 12- 30 cm long, 9-40 cm wide, dark green, apex acute to acuminate, margin regularly to irregularly serrate, pinnatifid to bipinnatifid adaxial surface densely pubescent, hairs pustular, turning white, abaxial surface sparsely to densely glandular and pubescent, hairs less than 1 mm long. Peduncles 2-7 (usually 3) mm long, sometimes purple, densely glandular and pubescent, hairs less than 1.0 mm long. Heads pendulous, 1.8-2.5 cm diam in flower, 3.5-4.0 cm diam in fruit, several to many in open cymose synflorescences in oppositely branched compound corymbs, lateral branches spreading to ascending. Phyllaries 8-9, reflexed in fruit, biseriate, subequal, ovate-Ianceolate to lanceolate, 6.0-8.5 mm long, 1.0-3.0 mm wide, green, apex acute to acuminate, mucronate, margin ciliate, entire, abaxial surface densely pubescent, hairs less than 1.0 mm long, adaxial surface glabrous to sparsely pubescent on distal half, hairs less than 0.5 mm long. Ray florets 10-12; corollas white, ligules ovate-lanceolate, 25-35 mm long, 6-11 mm wide, apex acute to two-notched with clusters of hairs less than 0.5 mmlong, adaxial surface essentially glabrous, abaxial surface sparsely to moderately glandular and pubescent, hairs primarily on veins, less than 0.5 mm long, tube 1.5 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, essentially glabrous. Disc florets 95-125; corollas green turning yellow, tube 1.5 mm long, 0.5-1.0 mm diam, glabrous to sparsely glandular and pubescent, hairs less than 0.5 mm long, throat cylindrical, 4-5 mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm diam, moderately to sparsely glandular and pubescent, hairs less than 0.5 mm long, lobes 5, 1.0-1.25 mm long, 0.5-0.75 mm wide, apex acute and densely pubescent, hairs less than 0.5 mm long; stamens with filaments 5.0-6.0 mmlong, 0.25 mm wide, anthers fully exserted from corolla, thecae yellow, 2.5 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, apical appendages yellow, acuminate, 0.5-0.75 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, abaxial surface of apical appendages glandular; styles 7.0-9.5 mm long, enlarged at base, stigmatic surfaces yellow, 1. 5-2. 0 mm long, apical appendages yellow, acuminate, 0.5-2.0 111m long. Pales at anthesis pentagonal, 2.0-2.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, light yellow, apex long acuminate, yellow, indurate, margin ciliate, entire, abaxial surface glandular and pubescent near center, hairs to 1.1 mm long, adaxial surface glabrous; pales at fruiting deciduous, obtrullate 16-21 mm.long, 4-5 mm wide, papery with netted venation, stramineous, light in color, indurate, margin entire, abaxial surface sparsely glandular near center, adaxial surface glabrous. Achenes brownblack, 3.5 mm long, 2.0 mm wide, smooth. Chromosome number, n= 19.
This species is most closely related to Montanoa imbricata.
This striking species has the most diagnostic leaf shape of the genus. The margins are deeply pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, the adaxial surface is dark green with white pustular hairs that appear as spots on the surface. Occasionally some of the leaves near the synflorescence are less lobed, but the lower ones on the plant are consistently lobed. The species is further distinguished by the mature pales which are the only ones in the genus that expose part of the achene because of a narrow base. The disc florets (8 mm), and the stigmata (12 mm) are the largest in the genus. The apex of the disc corolla is covered with short stiff hairs that are interlocking and perhaps serve to protect the head from predation while in bud. If so, it does not work well because this species shows more evidence of insect damage on the heads than any other species in the genus (pers. obser.).
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Tribe: Heliantheae
Genus: Montanoa
Sub- Genus: Acanthocarphae
Species: Montanoa bipinnatifida
Southern Mexico from Sinaloa to Oaxaca; pine-oak forests, along streams or on hill and road sides; 450-2000 m.
Because this plant is very showy it is often cultivated, in fact it is second only to Montanoa hibiscifolia in numbers cultivated. Data from herbarium sheets show that it is cultivated from the following countries: Argentina, Ceylon, Burma,Southern India, United States (Florida, California), and throughout its native range in Mexico. One collection (F 2272) was found in the "double rayed" form growing in a yard near Guadalajara.
FLOWERING (AND FRUITING) PERIOD: Late November-December (December- February).