Montanoa karwinskii
Montanoa karwinskii is a very graceful species having slender, ascending branches bearing relatively small, long -petioled leaves. The leaves are unique in the genus in having the base of the blade delimited by the two main lateral veins and a completely unwinged petiole. It is further distinguished by the mature pales, which are small (7.5-10.0 mm long) with a rounded apex and an apiculate tip that is shorter than the deep (2 mm) sinus. In addition, members of this species have small numbers of disc florets (23-34) and all the branches on the plant, including those of the synflorescence, are long and slender, giving the plants a delicate, open appearance.
Montanoa gracilis Schultz Bip. in K. Koch, Wochenschr. Vereines Berard. Gartenbaues Konigl. Preuss. Staaten 7: 406. 1864. Type: MEXICO, San Miguel, La Galera, Oct 1842, F. M.LiebmalIlI 633 [Liebman. PI. Mex. 9050] (holotype, Pi; isotypes, C[3]!; photo of holotype, OS!; photos of C isotype, F! MO! NY! US!). Eriocoma gracilis (Schultz Bip. in K. Koch) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 336. 1891.
Montanoa olivae Schultz Bip. in K. Koch, Wochenschr. Vereines Beford. Gartenbaues Konigl. Preuss. Staaten 7: 406. 1864. Type: MEXICO, Jalisco, near Guadalqjara, Sep 1855, L. Oliva 347 (holotype, Pi; photos of holotype, F! MO[2]! OS! US[2]!; fragment, US!). Eriocolllaolivae (Schultz Bip. in K. Koch) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 336. 1891.
Montanoa subtrucata A. Gray in Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 424. 1887. Type: MEXICO, Jalisco, Rio Blanco on sides of barranca, Sep 1886, E. Pallller 599 (holotype, GH!; isotypes, BM! G! K! LE! NY[2]! US!; photo of K isotype, OS!).
Montanoa affinis S. F. Blake, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 612. 1924. Type: MEXICO, Guerrero, EI Ocote, near Rio Petatlan btw Murga and La Botella [McVaugh, 1951], 660 m, 12 Nov 1898, E. Langlass!! 621 (holotype, US!; isotypes, G! GH! K!).
REPRESENTATIVE SPECIMENS: MEXICO. COLIMA: 0.8 mi NE of Cuauhtemoc, 12-13 Nov 1971, Dieterle 4174 (CA, ENCB, MICH, US). DURANGO: La Bajada, Tamajula, Nov 1921, Ortega 4433 (GH, US). GUERRERO: rd from EI Ocotito to Coatepin, 16 Nov 1977, FGe 2351 (OS); 6.5 mi W of Chilpancingoon rd above Amojileca, 3 Dec 1966, AL 4341 (MICH, OS); 10-30 mi S of Sabana Grande, IS Oct 1976, SO 4213* (OS); 24 km S of Chilpancingo, 8 Dec 1966, AL 4474 (MICH, OS); 10 km N of Agua de Obispo, 9 Oct 1969, Rzedowski 26892 (OS); Rincon de la Via, 17 Oct 1965, Kruse 1217(ENCB); E slope of Cerro de la Guacamaya, Temisco, 18 Nov 1937, Mexia 8842 (ARIZ, F, K, MO,NY, S, UC, US); Atoyac-San Jwin, 13 Oct 1939, Hinton 14618 (ARIZ, F, GH, MO, NA, NY, US); Vallecitos, 19 Nov 1937, Hinton 11565 (GH, LL, MICH, NY, UC, US); Manchon, 7 Oct 1936, Hillton 9662 (G, GH, MICH, NY, S, TEX, UC, US, W). JALISCO: 10.9 mi NE of Tonila, 6 Nov 1977, F 2288 (OS); above La Cuesta, 15-16 Oct 1960, M 20282 (DUKE, ENCB, LL, MICH, NY); 11.5 mi N of Zapopan, 8 Sep 1966, Melchert et al. 6346 (ENCB, MICH); 8 km NE of Tonila, 13 Nov 1971, Dieterle 4178 (CA, ENCB, MICH, OS); 4 km SE of Tequila, 6 Nov 1971, Dieterle 4242 (ENCB, MICH, OS); 32.5 km from Melaque toward La Huerta, 8-9 Nov 1971, Dieterle 4121 (CA, ENCB, MICH, OS);btw Cuale and Los Lobos, 14 Oct 1971, Oonzdlez 497 (ASU, COL, MICH); near Los Corales, 24Oct 1963, Rzedowski 17440 (MICH); EI Platanarcillo, 6 Oct 1968, Villarreal de Fuga 2132 (ENCB); Cerro del Cuatro, S of Guadalajara, 3 Oct 1965, Villarreal de Fuga 360 (ENCB); Ixtlahuacan de los Membrillos, 12 Oct 1961, Detling 8698 (ENCB); 21.3 mi N of jet of hwy 80 and hwy 200 to Barra de Navidad, 6 Nov 1977, F 2292* (OS); 47 mi S of Jiquipan, 8 Nov 1977, FH 2296 (OS); 2 mi NW of Tequila, 7 Sep 1976, HF 4284 (OS); btw Pihuamo and San Pedro, 12 Oct 1976, SG 4148* (OS); 1.3mi NNE of Santa Cruz, 2 Sep 1973, SG 3069 (ASU, OS, UC); ca. 26 mi NW of Tequila, 9 Oct 1976, SG 4107 (OS); ravines 9-10 mi N of Bahia Navidad, 10 Nov 1960, M 20937 (BM, DUKE, ENCB, LL, MICH, NY, US); near EI Molina, 2 Sep 1960, M 18609 (DUKE, ENCB, LL, MICH); 7 mi S of Juchill{tn, 24 Sep 1966, AL 3720 (MICH, OS); 30-35 km SE of Aull{tn, 28 Sep 1966, AL 3782 (M[CH,OS); 1.2 mi NW of Magdalena airport, 16 Sep 1971, Keil & Canne 9007 (AR[Z, MICH, OS); near Etzatlan,2 Oct 1903, Rose & Painter 7561 (GH, NY, US); barrancas near Guadalajara, 19 Sep 1893, Pringle 4545 (ARIZ, ASU, C, DUKE, F, G, GH, LL, MICH, NY, S, TEX, UC); 35 mi S ofTamazula, 25 mi NE of lalisco/Colima border, 15 Sep 1966, ilL 4541 (MICH). MEXICO: Rincon, Dto. Temascaltepec, 2 Oct 1932, Hinton 1880 (BM, DS, G, K, US); Naranjo, Dto. Temascaltepec, 4 Oct 1932, Hinton 1977 (BM, G, GH, MEXU, MO, NY, US); Ixtapan de la Sal, 12 Oct 1952, Matilda 27051 (NY); Barranca de Tonatico, 26 Sep 1954, Matuda 31683 (NY); Valle de Bravo, 23 Nov 1952, Matilda 27333 (MEXU, NY); 5.5 mi S of Tejupilco, 12 Oct 1966, AL 3955 (MICH); 3-4 mi N of Amatepec, 13 Oct 1966, AL 3970 (MICH). MICHOACAN: 4 mi S of Ario de Rosales, 8 Oct 1966, AL 3903 (MICH, OS); 2 mi W of liquilpan, 2 Oct 1966, AL 3866 (MICH, OS); 9 mi S of Uruapan, 7 Oct 1966, ilL 3892(MICH, OS); II mi N of La Huacana, 8 Oct 1966, AL 3901 (MICH, OS); N facing slopes of Cerro Santa Maria, 8-10 km SW of Jiquilpan, 5-7 Aug 1959, Feddema 151 (MICH, OS); 15 mi S of Uruapan, 9 Nov 1977, FH 2300 (OS); 15-16 km SE of Aserradero Dos Aguas, 25-26 Nov 1970, M 24717 (ENCB, MICH); W facing slopes of Cerro de Carboneras, ca. 22 km S of Uruapan, 16-22 Oct 1961, King & Soderstrolll4816 (MICH, NY, SMU, TEX, UC, US); ca. 5 mi N of Cotja, 22 mi S of liquilpan, 5-9 Oct 1961, King & Soderstrom 4653 (MEXU, MICH, NY, SMU, TEX, UC, US); Coalcoman, 28 Oct 1938, Hinton 12473 (F, GH, K, LL, MICH, MO, NY, TEX, UC, US, W). MORELOS: near Cuernavaca, 1905, Lemmon & Lemmon 108 (F, GH, MO, US); Fraccionamiento Analco, 27 Oct 1972, Vdzqllez 3954 (MEXU); Tlayacapan, 23 Sep 1956, Paray 2120 (ENCB); 3.2 mi SW of Tepoztlan, 25 Nov 1966, AL 4308 (MICH, OS); btw Cuautla and Amecameca, 25 Nov 1966, AL 4309 (MICH, OS); 0.7 mi NE of Morelos/Guerrero state border, 2 Dec 1966, AL 4316 (MICH, OS); Wedge of Cocoyoc, 25 Dec 1977, Jansen & Harriman 487 (OS). NAYARIT: 60 km SE of Tepic, II Oct 1970, Cronquist & Fay (CA, DUKE, ENCB, F, MICH, MSC, NY, S, TEX, US); 2.6 mi NW of laliscol Nayarit state line, 19 Dec 1978, FCa 2998 (OS); Cerro de la Cruz, near Tepec, 17 Sep 1926, Mexia 645 (A, BM, F, GH, MICH, MO, NY, UC, US); 17-18 mi NW of Tepic, 26 Oct 1971, Dieterle 3873 (CA, ENCB, MICH, OS); 9.5 mi W of Tepic, 25 Sep 1960, M 19377 (DUKE, ENCB, LL, MICH); S of Las Varas, 10 Oct 1976, SG 4127* (OS); 2-9 mi W of lalcocotan on I'd to Miramar, 15 Nov 1959, McValigh & Koelz 682 (DUKE, ENCB, LL, MICH). OAXACA: 35 km NNW of Pinotepa Nacional, 29 Oct 1970, Cronquist & Fay 10852 (CA, DUKE, ENCB, F, GH, MICH, MSC, NY, RSA, S, TEX); 12.5 mi N of Pochutla and 20.2 mi N of Puerto Angel, 10 Nov 1966, AL 4194 (MICH, OS). SINALOA: I'd from Rosario to PI amos a, 4.2 mi E of La Rastra, 7 Oct 1975, Reveal & Harley 4030 (K, US); 42- 43 km NE of Concordia, 22-23 Oct 1971, Dieterle 3843 (CA, ENCB, MICH, OS).
Shrubs 1-6 m tall. Stems terete, slender, herbaceous parts purple turning brown, glabrous to puberulent. Leaves distinct; petioles 1-9 cm long, usually lightly puberulent to essentially glabrous, occasionally densely pubescent, hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long; blades ovate to pentagonal , 5.0-18.5 cm long, 3.5-9.0 cm wide, apex acute to acuminate, laminar section delimited by two lateral veins, margin entire to serrate-dentate, adaxial surface moderately pubescent, hairs pustular, abaxial surface sparsely to densely glandular and pubescent, hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long. Peduncles 1.5-3.5 cm long, sometimes purple, moderately to densely glandular and pubescent, hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long. Heads pendulous at fruiting, 0.8-1.1 cm diam in flower, 1.7-2.0 cm diam in fruit, several to many in open cymose synflorescences in oppositely branched compound corymbs. Phyllaries 5, uniseriate, reflexed at fruiting, equal, ovate-Ianceolate, bracts 3.0-3.25 mm long, 1.0-1.25 mm wide, green, apex acute, mucronate, margin ciliate, entire, abaxial surface moderately pubescent, hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, adaxial surface glabrous. Ray florets 5-8; corollas white, ligules elliptic to obovate, 12-15 mm long, 5.0-5.5 mm wide, apex acute to 2-notched, adaxial surface sparsely pubescent, hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, abaxial surface moderately glandular, tube 1.0 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, moderately glandular and pubescent, hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long. Disc florets 23-34; corollas green turning yellow, tube 0.5-1.0 mm long, 0.75-1.0 mm diam, densely glandular and pubescent, hairs less than 0.5 mm long, throat cylindrical, 2.0-2.5 mm long, 1.25-1.5 mm diam, densely glandular and pubescent on proximal half, hairs less than 0.5 mm long, lobes 5, 1.0 mm long, 0.75-1.0 mm wide, apex acute, glabrous; stamens with filaments 2-3 mm long, 0.25 mm wide, anthers not fully exserted from corolla, thecae brown, 1.5-2.0 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, apical appendages yellow, acuminate, 0.5-0.75 mm long, 0.25-0.5 mm wide, abaxial surface of apical appendage glandular; styles yellow, 5.5-6.25 mm long, enlarged at base, stigmatic surface yellow, 1.0 mm long, apical appendages acuminate, yellow, 0.5-0.75 mm long, 0.4 mm wide. Pales at anthesis rhombic (Fig. 58K), 2.5 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, light yellow, apex longacuminate, indurate, margin ciliate, entire, abaxial surface glandular in center, densely pubescent on midrib and near margins, hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, adaxial surface sparsely glandular near margin; pales at fruiting deciduous, cordate , 7.5-10.0 mm long, 3.75-5.0 rnrn wide, papery with netted venation, stramineous or purple, apex a deep sinus and short apiculate tip, margin glabrous, entire, abaxial and adaxial surfaces glabrous. Achenes brown-black, 2.25-2.75 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, smooth, apex slightly enlarged. Chromosome number, n = 19.
Montanoa karwinskii is rarely confused with any other species when collected in fruit; in flower, however, there is a superficial resemblance to M. lellcantha subsp. arborescens and leucantha. It is easily distinguished from these two subspecies which have larger pales (8-17 mm long) with a tapering apex and without a sinus, 30-60 disc florets, and lack the slender branches and have leaves that are partially winged and usually auriculate. Montanoa karwinskii is most closely related to M. atriplicifolia and M. pteropoda with which it shares both mature pales with a sinus, and the slender habit. It differs from these species in having fewer disc florets (23-34) that are longer (3.5--4.25 mm). In comparison M. atriplicfolia and M. pteropoda have 90-120 disc florets that are less than 3.0 mm long. Additionally, M. atriplicifolia and M.pteropoda are often vine-like whereas M. karwinskii is a shrub.
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Tribe: Heliantheae
Genus: Montanoa
Sub- Genus: Acanthocarphae
Species: Montanoa karwinskii
Sierra Madre del Sur from Nayarit to Oaxaca ; semi-deciduous forests and below the pine-oak forests, on roadsides, hillsides and occasionally along streams; 350-2000 but usually around 1000 m.
FLOWERING (AND FRUITING) PERIOD: September-October (October-November).