Montanoa hibiscifolia
Montanoa wercklei Berger, Garel. Chron. 50: 122. 1911. Type: COSTA RICA, seeds sent by C. Werckle in 1905 and grown at La Mortola (Italy) and collected there 3 Jan 1908 by A. Berger S.n. (holotype, K; isotype, G[3]!; photos of holotype, GH! OS! US i). Morley (1980) selected a lectotype but the data are sufficient to designate the above specimen as the holotype.
Montanoa pittieri Robins. & Greenm., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 34: 517. 1899. Type: COSTA RICA, San Jose, hedgerows on the "llanos de Alajuelita," 1 Dec 1899, H. Pittier 1455(holotype, GH!; isotypes, BR[2]! G!).
Montalloa samalensis Coulter, Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 20: 49. 1895. Type: GUATEMALA, Retalulen, Rio Samala, 1700 ft, April 1892, J. D. Smith 2858 (holotype, F!; isotypes, G-BOIS!K! US!; photo of K isotype, OS!).
REPRESENTATIVE SPECIMENS: COSTA RICA. ALAJUELA: just N of Alajuela, rd to Volcan Poas (hwy 130),5 Jan 1980, FGPF 3023 (CR, OS); ca. 15 mi N of Naranjo on I'd to Zarcero, 7 Jan 1980, F 3052 (CR, OS); San Pedro de San Ramon, 12 Dec 1925, Brenes 5217 (CR, NY, S); near San Ramon, 2 Feb1940, Hunnewell 16792 (DUKE, GH); San Luis de Zarcero, 4 Dec 1939, Smith 2047 (GH, NA, US). CARTAGO: San Ramon, 7 Dec 1971, Mc Caffrey 58 (CR); 2 km NNE of San Rafael on rd to Irazu, 23 Dec 1974, Wilbur & Lutleyn 18725 (DUKE); 3 km SW of Cervantes, 5 Jan 1979, WIISSOW el 01. 159 (OS). HEREDIA: 1.2 km NW of Rio Virilla on Costa Rica hwy I, 28 Dec 1978, Wussow el 01. 109 (OS); rd from San Antonio to Pue.nte de Mulas, 3.Tan 1979, WIISSOII' el 01. 144 (OS); near Heredia, 25 Dec 1930, Brenes 13270 (F, NY). SAN JOSE: S of San Jose on rd to .Torco, 12 Jan 1980, FGo 3077* (CR, OS); E of .lorco on I'd to Cerro Cedral, 13 Jan 1980, FPF 3083 (CR, OS); San Francisco de Guadalupe, Nov 1895, Tonduz 7072 (BM, CU, F, G, GH, K, M, MO, NY); along the Rio Virillo ca. I km S of Santa Domingo, 20 Dec 1974, Taylor 17306 (SMU, US); Zurqui, 13 Feb 1926, Slandley & Valerio 48039 (US); near Paracito, 6 mi NE of San .Tose, 14 Dec 1974, Wilbur & Llueyn 18147 (DUKE, OS); near San Jose, II Jan 1938, Orozco 93 (F); btw San Jose and Guadalupe, 27 Dec 1965, Jimenez 3518 (F, MO, NY, US). EL SALVADOR. AI-IUACHAPAN: Lagunita de las Ninphas, above Apaneca, 5 Dec 1978, FL 2940 (OS). LA LIBERTAD: Volcan San Salvador above Santa Tecla, 22 Jan 1949, Williams & Molina 15253 (F). MORAZAN: Montes de Cacaguatique, 3 Jan 1942, Tucker 710
(BH, F, G, LL, MICH, US). SAN SALVADOR: rd to Boqueron, 9 Dec 1971, Flores 297 (MO). SANTA ANA: near Santa Ana, 28-30 Jan 1922, Sa 20425 (GH, NY, US). GUATEMALA. AMATITLAN: Amatitlan, Oct 1928, Morales 1176 (F). CI-IIMALTENANGO: along Rio Guacalate, SE of Chimaltenango,14-23 Dec 1940, Sa 81056 (F). Volcan Ipala, near Amatillo, 25 Oct 1939, Se 30469 (F). ESCUINTLA: along Rio Guacalate, 28 Nov 1938, So 58250 (F, GH). JALAPA: mts along rd btw Jalapa and Paraiso, 14 Nov 1940, So 77223 (F). JUTIAPA: above Ovejero on rd btw Monjas and EI Progresso, 19 Nov 1940, So 77655 (F). QUEZALTENANGO: hwy 95just S of Santa Maria de Jesus, 29 Nov 1978, FL 2921* (OS); Colomba, 20 Dec 1934, Skuleh 1981 (BM, F, G, LL, NY). RETALHULEU: San Felipe, 13 Jan 1917, Holway 705 (GH, US). SACATEPEQUEZ: ca. 5 mi W of Ciudad Vieja on rd to Yepocapa, 25 Oct 1976, SO 4358 (OS); Volcan de Agua, rd btw Santa Maria de Jesus and Palfn, 7 Nov 1965, Molina 15368 (F, NY). SAN MARCOS: SW of San Rafael Pie de la Cuesta, near bridge, 6 Dec 1978, FL 2945A (OS). SANTA ROSA: Canchon, Oct 1892, Heyde & Lllx 6155 (F, G, GH, K, MO, NDG, NY, US); SOLOLA: near Patalul, 15 Feb 1906, Kellerman 5559 (NA). HONDURAS. COPAN: E of ruins, 23 Nov 1969, Molina & Molina 24782 (F, NY). CORTES: Santa Cruz de Yojoa, 9 Dec 1933, Edwards P-726 (F, GH, MO, NY). COMAYAGUA: near Siguatepeque, 25 Mar-5 Apr 1947, Slandley & Chae6n 6940 (F). MORAZAN: ca. 5 mi W of Zamorano, 2 Dec 1978, FL 2929 (OS); along Rio de la Orilla on rd from El Zamorano to Chagiiite, 5 Feb 1949, So 16151 (F, GH). EL PARAiso: above Yuscanin, 2 Dec 1978, FL 2928 (OS); along stream in Yuscaran, 28 Dec 1962, Williams & Molina 23241 (B, BM, BR, C, DS, G, MEXU, MICH, S, UC, W); Giiinope, Dec 1943, Rodrigllez 1670 (F). YORD: Yoro, Sep 1937, Hagen & Hagen 1093 (F, NY). MEXICO. CHIAPAS: hwy 195, 24.6 mi N of jct with hwy 190, near San Vincente, 27 Nov 1977, FRo 2580* (OS); near Habenal, Tenejapa, 26 Nov 1964, Breedlope 7662 (DS, ENCB, F, MICH); Escuintla, 26 Dec 1936, Matuda 723 (MEXU, MICH, MO, NA, US). NICARAGUA. CHONTALES: ca. 2.8 mi N of Cuapa, 21 Jan 1978, Pipoiy 1544 (OS). JINOTEGA: Ocoteiil near Santa Lastenia, 17 Jan 1965, Williams el ai. 27769 (F); 10 mi NE of Jinotega, 11 Jan 1969, Seiaya & Moore 2148 (EM, F, GH, MICH, MO, NY, SMU, US); rd to La Fundadora from Managua, region of Santa Maria de Ostuma, 7 Dec 1958, Hawkes el ai. 2207 (C, F, G, S). MANAGUA: near EI Crucero, summit of Sierra de Managua, 14-25 May 1947, So 8318 (F). NUEVA SEGOVIA: 3.7 mi S of Las Manos, 7 Jan 1978, Jansen & Harriman 548* (OS, OSH). MATAGALPA: Santa Maria de Ostuma, 8-15 Jan 1963, Williams el ai. 23419 (F, GH, NY, US, WIS). UNITED STATES. HAWAII: Oahu, Tantalus Dr. [cultivated], 18 Dec 1979, Harriman 16248* (OS, OSH).
Shrubs 1-6 m tall. Stems terete, slender, light-brown to brown, essentially glabrous. Leaves consistent; petioles 1.0-6.5 cm long, often with prominent auricles at distal end, glabrous to sparsely pubescent, hairs short; blades ovate to pentagonal, 7-40 cm long, 2.5-30.0 cm wide, apex long-acuminate (rarely acute), margin nearly entire to irregularly serrate, usually deeply 3-5lobed, adaxial surface moderately pubescent, hairs pustular, variable in length, abaxial surface moderately to densely glandular and pubescent, hairs white, 0.5 mm long, giving the surface a light green to grey color. Peduncles 2-6 cm long, slender, densely glandular and pubescent, hairs short. Heads pendulous, 1.0-1.2 cm diam in flower, 2.0-2.5 cm diam in fruit, many in open cymose synflorescences in oppositely and alternately branched compound corymbs. Receptacle convex, 5 mm tall, 3 mm diam. Phyllaries 5-7, more or less uniseriate, equal, reflexed in early fruit, ovate-Ianceolate, 4-5 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, dark green, apex acute, mucronate, margin ciliate, entire, abaxial surface densely pubescent, hairs 0.5-1.0 mm long, on adaxial surface glabrous. Ray florets 7-8; corollas white, ligules elliptic to obovate, 15-17 mm long, 8-9 mm wide, adaxial slllface with scattered hairs, less than 0.5 mm long, on abaxial slllface moderately glandular, tube 0.5- 0.75 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, with scattered hairs less than 0.5 mm long. Disc florets 85-105; corollas yellow, tube 0.5 mm long, 0.5 mm diam, moderately to densely pubescent, hairs less than 0.5 mm long, throat cylindrical, 1.5 mm long, 1.0-1.25 mm diam, densely pubescent, hairs less than 0.5 mm long, lobes 5, 0.5-0.7 long, 0.5 mm wide, apex acute, densely glandular and pubescent, hairs less than 0.5 mm long; stamens with filaments 1.5 mm long, 0.25 mm wide, anthers not fully exserted from corolla, thecae yellow to brown, 1.0-1.25 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, apical appendages yellow, acute, 0.5 mm long, 0.5-0.3 mm wide, abaxial surfaces of apical appendages glandular; styles 2.5-3.0 mm long, not enlarged at base, stigmatic surfaces yellow, 0.75 mm long, apical appendages yellow with two black areas, acute, 0.3 mm long, 0.3 mm wide. Pales at anthesis obtrullate, 3.0-3.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, light yellow, apex long-acuminate, indurate, margin ciliate, glandular, entire, abaxial surface densely glandular and pubescent, hairs less than 1.0 mm long, concentrated near the center, adaxial surface glabrous; pales at fruiting deciduous, more or less obtrullate, 9-15 mm long, 4.5-6.0 mm wide, papery with netted venation, stramineous or purple, apex sinus with indurate spine, margin undulating, irregular, adaxial and abaxial surfaces glabrous. Achenes brown to red-brown with convoluted outer surface of amorphous nature, 3 mm long, 1.5 mm wide with mass of gland-like structures at apex. Chromosome number, n = 19.
Montanoa hibiscifolia is most closely related to M. hexagona and the discllssion of these two species is included under the latter.
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Tribe: Heliantheae
Genus: Montanoa
Sub- Genus: Acanthocarphae
Species: Montanoa hibiscifolia
Author(s): Funk, Vicki Rights holder(s): Funk, Vicki
Chiapas to Costa Rica.
Montanoa hibiscifolia was introduced onto Oahu, Hawaii and now grows as if it were native (pers. comm., N. Haniman). It is also known from herbarium specimens to be cultivated in the following places: Australia, Canary Islands, Kenya, Madagascar, Puerto Rico, South Africa, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, United States (Florida and California), Zimbabwe, and throughout Central America in yards and near shrines.
One collection (White & White 113) was reported from Panama and was included in the flora of Panama (D'Arcy, 1975) as the only species of the genus known from that country. The plant was collected in the Chiriqui area, but this area has been well-collected since then (pers. comm., W. D'Arcy) and has not been found. The label data are brief and do not indicate whether or not the plant was cultivated, which seems most likely.
Cool pine-oak forests to banana plantations, on hillsides and along streams, lakes and roads; 350-2500 m.
FLOWERING (AND FRUITING) PERIOD: November-January (December-March).